What are health goals?
The definition of health goals broadly includes determining a desirable state of affairs in terms of health promotion and/or disease prevention. (6) Health goals may be applicable to individuals or to a group, such as with government health policy. On the individual level, fitness and health goals include those you set for yourself, as well as any protocol that has been developed with your healthcare provider(s). Individual health goals may target various aspects of health, including:- Disease management
- Disease prevention or risk reduction
- Mental health and well-being
- Physical health and fitness
- Substance use (e.g., alcohol, recreational drugs, tobacco)
- Weight management
What are SMART goals?
Developed in 1981 by George T. Doran, SMART goals are a set of criteria that was originally created to improve management goals and objectives. (2) Since then, the concept has been applied to areas outside of the workforce, including personal and health goals. The SMART goals acronym represents five criteria that can be used to improve an individual’s success in meeting their goals, which include:- Specific: the goal targets a specific area for improvement
- Measurable: the goal quantifies or suggests an indicator of progress
- Attainable: the goal is achievable
- Realistic: the goal states which results can be realistically achieved based on resources
- Time-related: the goal specifies when the result(s) can be achieved (2)(5)
SMART goals examples
To illustrate the concept, let’s consider SMART goal setting applied to a goal of decreasing elevated blood pressure levels.- Specific: you aim to reduce blood pressure levels to less than 120 mmHg/80 mmHg
- Measurable: your progress is measured with weekly blood pressure measurements
- Attainable: your healthcare provider agrees that the target blood pressure levels can be achieved based on the recommended treatment protocol
- Realistic: the recommended protocol, which includes dietary supplements, dietary changes, and exercise, is realistic to incorporate within your lifestyle
- Time-related: you set a time frame of six weeks
Applying the SMART goals template to your health goals
Keep the SMART goals criteria in mind when working with your practitioner to develop your wellness plan. Research suggests that when a healthcare plan is tailored to the individual, adherence to the plan is higher. One study examined the effects of oral nutrition supplements (ONS) in hospital outpatients. The majority of patients included in the trial were able to select the flavor of ONS prescribed. Results demonstrate that adherence to the supplement protocol was high at over 76%. The researchers suggest that the high adherence rate was partly due to healthcare practitioners individually tailoring prescriptions, as well as the individuals having positive experiences with the ONS. (3)
6 tips for SMART goal setting
To help you get started with SMART goal setting and achieve your health goals, we provide some tips below.1. Narrow your goal down to one Specific health factor.
Setting a goal to “improve physical fitness”, for example, may be too vague or general. In this case, you can ask yourself “which factor of fitness is most important to me?” The response may be something like achieving a healthy weight in order to feel more comfortable or improving cardiovascular endurance to participate in a race. Use your response to this question to determine a specific area for improvement.2. Determine how you’ll Measure your progress regularly—and do it!
Measuring your progress may include using a wellness app for tracking your health behaviors and progress, tracking progress manually in a calendar, using a wearable device such as a step counter, or setting regular follow-up appointments to check in with your practitioner. A study on long-term adherence to calcium and vitamin D supplementation evaluated the impact of a patient motivation strategy consisting of follow-up visits every six months. The results suggest that scheduling follow-up visits every six months was associated with increased adherence to the supplement regimen. (1)3. Consult with your integrative healthcare practitioner(s) about what is Attainable.
Your healthcare team is the best resource to help you prioritize your individual needs based on their knowledge and clinical expertise. They can also advise you as to whether or not your health goal is achievable or should be modified in some way.4. Consider whether your plan is Realistic based on your schedule and available resources.
Look at your weekly schedule and decide how much time you can dedicate to the activities involved in your health goals, such as doing groceries, preparing meals, and exercising. You may find it helpful to actually schedule the activity, so if something comes up, your dedicated time to work towards your health goal is protected. You should also keep in mind the tangible things that you might need, such as particular exercise equipment, kitchen equipment, or a membership for a program or facility such as a gym or yoga studio. If what you require is not realistic to obtain, you can make adjustments to your goal.5. Remember that the Time-related aspect is only a guideline.
There may be times that you are not progressing toward your health goal as quickly as you’d like. Be patient with yourself and remember that even carving out five minutes of time to work on your goal is considered a step in the right direction.6. Seek social support from your family members and loved ones.
Family and friends may be able to support you with your health goals by helping you stay motivated and engaged. Having social support while making dietary or lifestyle changes can also make the transition easier. A study examined the impact of a supportive partner on adherence to a dietary supplement protocol in pregnant women. Participants in the study who had social support at home reported higher adherence support, which was positively associated with calcium supplementation adherence. (4) Download a handout on goal-setting strategies.The bottom line
Setting wellness goals that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-related (SMART goals) may help increase your success. When applying SMART goal setting and working toward your health goals, consider implementing the tips included in this article.References
- Conti, F., Piscitelli, P., Italiano, G., Parma, A., Caffetti, M. C., Giolli, L., … Brandi, M. L. (2012). Adherence to calcium and vitamin D supplementations: Results from the ADVICE Survey. Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism, 9(3), 157–160.
- Doran, G. T. (1981). There’s a S.M.A.R.T. way to write management’s goals and objectives. Management Review (AMA FORUM), 70(11), 35–36.
- Liljeberg, E., Andersson, A., Malmberg, K. B., & Nydahl, M. (2019). High adherence to oral nutrition supplements prescribed by dietitians: A cross-sectional study on hospital outpatients. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 34(6), 887–898.
- Martin, S. L., Omotayo, M. O., Pelto, G. H., Chapleau, G. M., Stoltzfus, R. J., & Dickin, K. L. (2017). Adherence-specific social support enhances adherence to calcium supplementation regimens among pregnant women. The Journal of Nutrition, 147(4), 688–696.
- Ogbeiwi, O. (2017). Why written objectives need to be really SMART. British Journal of Healthcare Management, 23(7), 324–336.
- Spasoff, R. A. (2020, January 16). In Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved from https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/health-goals
