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Supplement Ingredients
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5 Common Types of Magnesium: Uses and Differences

December 7, 2022
Fact checked
Written by Kyla Reda
Medically reviewed by
Dr. Natacha Montpellier, ND, B.Sc.
  1. Wellness blog
  2. 5 Common Types of Magnesium: Uses and Differences

You may have heard of magnesium and its many benefits as a dietary supplement. But did you know that there are several types of magnesium supplements, each with different effects and uses? Keep reading to learn the differences between and uses of five common types of magnesium supplements. 

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What is magnesium? 

Magnesium is a mineral that plays an essential role in over 300 enzymatic reactions in the body. It’s also the fourth most common mineral in the body. However, around two in three people in the western world don’t get the recommended daily amount of magnesium for optimal health. (19)

Magnesium deficiencies can impair certain bodily functions that rely on it, contributing to various health conditions. Magnesium supplementation therefore may be beneficial in the treatment of health conditions such as:

  • Asthma
  • Depression
  • Diabetes
  • Hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol)
  • Metabolic syndrome (a group of health conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and stroke when occurring together)
  • Migraines
  • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
  • Preeclampsia (high blood pressure during pregnancy)
  • Various cardiac arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) (19)
types of magnesium
There are various types of magnesium supplements available, each with a slightly different function. Learn which one is best for you!

Five common types of magnesium

It can sometimes be confusing or overwhelming seeing various types of magnesium available to choose from when placing an order. Keep reading to learn the specifics of five commonly used forms of magnesium. Don’t forget to communicate with your healthcare provider as well to find out which one is right for you. 

1. Magnesium citrate 

Magnesium citrate is a formulation of magnesium bound with citric acid, which is found in fruits and contains many antioxidant properties. (15) This form of magnesium is highly bioavailable, meaning it gets absorbed more easily into the digestive tract. Because of this, it’s often used for replenishing low magnesium levels. (25)

A study also found magnesium citrate to be helpful in decreasing migraine frequency and severity when used orally over a three-month period. (11) It also has a laxative effect and is sometimes used for addressing constipation, (2)(7) as well as for clearing the colon prior to a colonoscopy. (6) However, if you plan on using magnesium citrate to relieve constipation, make sure to speak with your practitioner first to ensure you’re taking the correct amount. 

2. Magnesium glycinate

Magnesium glycinate is the formulation of magnesium and the amino acid, glycine. Glycine is largely used in the body for protein production. (17) Since magnesium has been found beneficial in supporting energy production and muscle function, the magnesium glycinate formulation may be a good option for aiding athletic performance and muscle recovery. (16)(24)

Glycine is also a neurotransmitter (a chemical messenger carrying signals from neurons to other cells) and has been used on its own to improve sleep quality. (10) Given that magnesium on its own has also been associated with improvement of sleep quality and duration, (28) combining the two together may make for an effective natural sleeping aid. 

Additionally, magnesium deficiency is thought to be a potential cause of depression, due to the negative impact the deficiency can have on certain neurons. Consistent use of magnesium glycinate was found to support rapid recovery from major depression, as well as effectively address depression generally. (5) If you’re suffering from insomnia or depression, magnesium glycinate may be helpful for you.

3. Magnesium sulfate 

Magnesium sulfate is a salt commonly known as epsom salt. It’s often used in baths, though research is limited as to the effectiveness of its absorption through the skin. (8)

When administered by an IV directly into the veins, magnesium sulfate was shown to be beneficial in reducing both symptoms of breathlessness and hospitalizations in adults with severe asthma. (22) 

Orally, magnesium sulfate was also found to halve the risk of eclampsia in pregnant individuals. (4) It was also effective in treating existing eclampsia and preeclampsia. (27) Based on research, magnesium sulfate is unlikely to adversely affect newborn babies after use during pregnancy. (20) However, we recommend checking with your healthcare provider first before use. 

woman taking a magnesium capsule
Supplemental magnesium glycinate and magnesium L-threonate were both found effective in improving depression symptoms. (5)(18)

4. Magnesium L-threonate

An animal study found magnesium L-threonate to be one of the most effective oral types of magnesium supplements for improving brain-related functions such as memory and depression symptoms. (18) It has also been shown to be effective in enhancing learning in rats. (21)

Magnesium L-threonate was found helpful in another animal study in preventing memory impairment and inflammation caused by alcohol abuse. (12) It also prevented and restored memory deficits resulting from chronic pain in animals. (26) While more research in humans is needed to confirm these effects, this initial evidence suggests that magnesium L-threonate may be a good option for improving brain health. So if you’re looking for a way to improve your own brain health, magnesium L-threonate may be a good option for you. 

5. Magnesium taurate 

Similar to magnesium L-threonate, magnesium taurate is commonly used for supporting brain function. It’s highly bioavailable and was found to easily pass into the brain and maintain a high concentration there. It was also found to decrease anxiety in rats. (23) In a second animal study, it was effective in preventing damage after traumatic brain injury. (9)  

Additionally, magnesium and taurine are both thought to individually have preventative effects for migraines. This makes the magnesium taurate formulation a good combination for addressing this condition. (14)

Magnesium taurate was also found to be effective in diabetes treatment, as both components individually may increase insulin sensitivity and decrease the risk of vascular complications (having to do with the heart and blood vessels). (13) Lastly, it was shown to be effective in delaying the onset and progression of cataracts in rats, (1) which is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. (3)

The bottom line 

Magnesium is an essential mineral in many bodily functions. Given that there are numerous types of magnesium and uses for each, it’s important to understand the differences between them. Familiarizing yourself with the common types of magnesium supplements available, as well as speaking with your healthcare provider, will help you ensure you’re taking the right type of magnesium for your needs. If you’re a patient, always speak to your integrative healthcare provider before introducing new dietary supplements into your wellness routine.

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References
  1. Agarwal, R., Iezhitsa, I., Awaludin, N. A., Ahmad Fisol, N. F., Bakar, N. S., Agarwal, P., Abdul Rahman, T. H., Spasov, A., Ozerov, A., Mohamed Ahmed Salama, M. S., & Mohd Ismail, N. (2013). Effects of magnesium taurate on the onset and progression of galactose-induced experimental cataract: In vivo and in vitro evaluation. Experimental Eye Research, 110, 35–43. 
  2. Chan, Annie O.O. . (2012). A pilot study on the efficacy of Picolax given as a four-week course for the treatment of refractory constipation. Hong Kong Medical Journal, 18(5), 388–394. 
  3. Common Eye Disorders and Diseases | CDC. (n.d.). https://www.cdc.gov/visionhealth/basics/ced/index.html 
  4. Duley, L., Gülmezoglu, A. M., Henderson-Smart, D. J., & Chou, D. (2010). Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 
  5. Eby, G. A., & Eby, K. L. (2006). Rapid recovery from major depression using magnesium treatment. Medical Hypotheses, 67(2), 362–370. 
  6. Eidensohn, Y., Mond, Y., Labowitz, I., Greenberg, P., Formanowski, B., Eidensohn, C., Dutta, S., & Dubin, E. (2021, December 18). Magnesium Citrate Capsules in Colonoscopy Preparation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cureus, 13(12): e20506.
  7. Griffin, G. C., Roberts, S. D., & Graham, G. (1999). How to resolve stool retention in a child. Postgraduate Medicine, 105(1), 159–173. 
  8. Gröber, U., Werner, T., Vormann, J., & Kisters, K. (2017). Myth or Reality—Transdermal Magnesium? Nutrients, 9(8), 813. 
  9. Hosgorler, F., Koc, B., Kizildag, S., Canpolat, S., Argon, A., Karakilic, A., Kandis, S., Guvendi, G., Ates, M., Arda, N. M., & Uysal, N. (2020). Magnesium acetyl taurate prevents tissue damage and deterioration of prosocial behavior related with vasopressin levels in traumatic brain injured rats. Turkish Neurosurgery. 
  10. Kawai, N., Sakai, N., Okuro, M., Karakawa, S., Tsuneyoshi, Y., Kawasaki, N., Takeda, T., Bannai, M., & Nishino, S. (2014, December 23). The Sleep-Promoting and Hypothermic Effects of Glycine are Mediated by NMDA Receptors in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(6), 1405–1416. 
  11. Köseoglu, E., Talaslioglu, A., Saffet Gönül, A., & Kula, M. (2008). The effects of magnesium prophylaxis in migraine without aura. Magnesium Research, 21(2), 101–108. 
  12. Liu, C., Cheng, Y., Guo, Y., & Qian, H. (2021). Magnesium-L-threonate alleviate colonic inflammation and memory impairment in chronic-plus-binge alcohol feeding mice. Brain Research Bulletin, 174, 184–193. 
  13. McCarty, M. (1996). Complementary vascular-protective actions of magnesium and taurine: A rationale for magnesium taurate. Medical Hypotheses, 46(2), 89–100. 
  14. McCarty, M. (1996). Magnesium taurate and fish oil for prevention of migraine. Medical Hypotheses, 47(6), 461–466. 
  15. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Compound Summary: Citric acid. PubChem. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/citric_acid 
  16. Nielsen, F.H., & Lukaski, H.C. (2006). Update on the relationship between magnesium and exercise. Magnesium Research, 19(3), 180–189. 
  17. Razak, M. A., Begum, P. S., Viswanath, B., & Rajagopal, S. (2017). Multifarious Beneficial Effect of Nonessential Amino Acid, Glycine: A Review. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017, 1–8. 
  18. Sadir, S., Tabassum, S., Emad, S., Liaquat, L., Batool, Z., Madiha, S., Shehzad, S., Sajid, I., & Haider, S. (2019). Neurobehavioral and biochemical effects of magnesium chloride (MgCl2), magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) and magnesium-L-threonate (MgT) supplementation in rats: A dose dependent comparative study. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 32(1), 277–283. 
  19. Schwalfenberg, G. K., & Genuis, S. J. (2017). The Importance of Magnesium in Clinical Healthcare. Scientifica, 2017, 1–14. 
  20. Shepherd, E., Salam, R. A., Manhas, D., Synnes, A., Middleton, P., Makrides, M., & Crowther, C. A. (2019). Antenatal magnesium sulphate and adverse neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine, 16(12), e1002988. 
  21. Slutsky, I., Abumaria, N., Wu, L. J., Huang, C., Zhang, L., Li, B., Zhao, X., Govindarajan, A., Zhao, M. G., Zhuo, M., Tonegawa, S., & Liu, G. (2010). Enhancement of Learning and Memory by Elevating Brain Magnesium. Neuron, 65(2), 165–177. 
  22. Song, W. J., & Chang, Y. S. (2012). Magnesium sulfate for acute asthma in adults: a systematic literature review. Asia Pacific Allergy, 2(1), 76. 
  23. Uysal, N., Kizildag, S., Yuce, Z., Guvendi, G., Kandis, S., Koc, B., Karakilic, A., Camsari, U. M., & Ates, M. (2018). Timeline (Bioavailability) of Magnesium Compounds in Hours: Which Magnesium Compound Works Best? Biological Trace Element Research, 187(1), 128–136.
  24. Volpe, S. L. (2015). Magnesium and the Athlete. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 14(4), 279–283. 
  25. Walker, A. F., Marakis, G., Christie, S., & Byng, M. (2003). Mg citrate found more bioavailable than other Mg preparations in a randomised, double-blind study. Magnesium Research, 16(3), 183–191. 
  26. Wang, J., Liu, Y., Zhou, L.-J., Wu, Y., Li, F., Shen, K.-F., Pang, R.-P., Wei, X.-H., Li, Y.-Y., & Liu, X.-G. (2013). Magnesium L-threonate prevents and restores memory deficits associated with neuropathic pain by inhibition of TNF-α. Pain Physician, 16(5), E563-75. 
  27. Witlin, A. (1998). Magnesium sulfate therapy in preeclampsia and eclampsia. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 92(5), 883–889. 
  28. Zhang, Y., Chen, C., Lu, L., Knutson, K. L., Carnethon, M. R., Fly, A. D., Luo, J., Haas, D. M., Shikany, J. M., & Kahe, K. (2021). Association of magnesium intake with sleep duration and sleep quality: findings from the CARDIA study. Sleep, 45(4).
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Disclaimer

The information in this article is designed for educational purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for informed medical advice or care. This information should not be used to diagnose or treat any health problems or illnesses without consulting a doctor. Consult with a health care practitioner before relying on any information in this article or on this website.

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